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(詳細はGreek: pronounced in koine: ;〔The female form ' exists as well, but means the book octoechos.〕 from ὀκτώ "eight" and ἦχος "sound, mode" called echos; Slavonic: Осмогласие, ''Osmoglasie'' from о́смь "eight" and гласъ "voice, sound") is the name of the eight mode system used for the composition of religious chant in Byzantine, Syriac, Armenian, Georgian, Latin and Slavic churches since the Middle Ages. In a modified form the octoechos is still regarded as the foundation of the tradition of monodic Orthodox chant today (Neobyzantine Octoechos). The Octoechos as a liturgical concept which established an organization of the calendar into eight-week cycles, was the invention of monastic hymnographers at Mar Saba in Palestine and in Constantinople. It was formally accepted in the Quinisext Council of 692, which also aimed to replace the exegetic poetry of the kontakion and other homiletic poetry, as it was sung during the morning service (Orthros) of the cathedrals. One reason why another eight mode system was established by Frankish reformers during the Carolingian reform, may well have been that Pope Adrian I accepted the seventh-century Eastern reform for the Western Church as well during the 787 synod. The only evidence for this is an abbreviated chant book called a "tonary". It was a list of incipits of chants ordered according to the intonation formula of each church tone and its psalmody. Later on, fully notated and theoretical tonaries were also written. The Byzantine book Octoechos has originally been part of the sticherarion. It was one of the first hymn books with musical notation and its earliest copies survived from the 10th century. Its redaction follows the Studites reform, during which the sticherarion has been invented. ==Origins== Students of Orthodox chant today often memorize the history of Byzantine chant in three periods, identified by the names John of Damascus (675/676-749) as the "beginning", John Koukouzeles (c. 1280-1360) as the "flower" (Papadic Octoechos), and Chrysanthos of Madytos (c. 1770-c. 1840) as the master of the living tradition today (Neobyzantine Octoechos). The latter has the reputation, that he once connected in his time the current tradition with the past of Byzantine chant, which was in fact the work of at least four generations of teachers at the New Music School of the Patriarchate. This division of the history into three periods begins quite late with the 8th century, despite the fact that the octoechos reform had been already accepted some decades ago, before John and Cosmas entered the monastery Mar Saba in Palestine. The earliest sources which gave evidence of the octoechos' use in Byzantine chant, can be dated back to the 6th century.〔Papyrus studies proved, that there were already ''tropologia'' or ''tropariologia'', as the earliest books of the hymn reform had been called, since the 6th century, soon after the Constantinopolitan school of Romanos the Melodist, and not only in Jerusalem, but also in Alexandria and Constantinople (Troelsgård 2007).〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Hagiopolitan Octoechos」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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